Human beings have round pupils; cats have pupils shaped like vertical slits.  What's the advantage for cats and people, respectively, in those different pupil shapes?

Different pupil shapes seem to be an adaptation to different activity patterns during a 24-hour day.

Nocturnal Animals And Slit Pupils

Cats belong to the category of nocturnal animals, who do most of their foraging for food at night.  Other nocturnal animals include rats, bats, mice, flying squirrels, and owls.

These animals rely heavily on hearing and touch to get around, but they also have the ability to see in very dim light.  Their eyes have big lenses and sensitive retinas.

Daytime Animals

But many nocturnal animals, such as cats, are not strictly nocturnal they move around during the day as well as at night. They need some way to protect their sensitive eyes in daylight, and slit pupils provide that protection.

Like a theater curtain, a slit pupil can close as much as necessary to prevent too much light from entering the eye.

Humans And Round Pupils

For humans and other animals active mainly in the daytime, visual sensitivity is not as important as the ability to see small details in bright light.

So the eyes of humans, lizards, ground squirrels, and most birds have a design suited for operation in bright light without the special protection of slit pupils.  In dim light, our eyes are not as sensitive as those of nocturnal animals.

What Is The Most Common Pupil Shape?

Of all pupil shapes found in vertebrates animals with backbones round pupils are the most common.  Non-circular pupil shapes found in vertebrates include not only the vertical slits familiar to us from cats' eyes, but also horizontal slits, crescents, heart shapes, and keyhole shapes.