Byron Duke Florence was born in East Chicago, Indiana, and although he's lived in other places, he's always returned back to the town he considers home. He now owns the house he grew up with and lives there with his mother and other family members.
Standing on the sidewalk outside his house, he waves at every car that drives by and has a friendly conversation with the mail carrier as she walks down the block. It's his home that he loves, but in the last few months he's changed his mind.
"Did I prepare to get up and go? No. But I'm willing to have left yesterday," Florence says.
That's because the Environmental Protection Agency has deemed the soil in his neighborhood dangerous, after finding high levels of lead and arsenic.
This news frightens Florence as he remembers as a kid in the neighborhood 50 years ago, one of his favorite activities with his friends was digging tunnels under neighborhood fences near the lead plants.
"We used to see them when they dumped those 55 gallon barrels along the railroad tracks," Florence says. "They would bulldoze them over and we would go right behind them and try and dig them up. Our exposure was direct, plain and simple. And we tracked that stuff back in the houses."
Now, decades later, the EPA is finding the soil in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago has dangerous levels of lead and arsenic.
All those times playing in the dirt as a kid are weighing heavily on Florence's mind, decades later. In the last few years he's been diagnosed with high blood pressure, diabetes and bone cancer - and he says he's not the only one in the neighborhood worried that this contamination has affected their health.
"Anything that bothers a person now … they think it may be related to the lead and arsenic, and they may be right," Florence says. "I don't know."
What's in the soil in Calumet?
The U.S.S. Lead facility was built in East Chicago over 100 years ago. Other smelters and refineries came and went over the years, as well. Smelting basically processes raw lead for use in products like batteries.
Through air emissions from the factories and burying waste products - which is a legally allowed disposal method - lead can get into soil, contaminating it. And this is what happened in the Calumet neighborhood of East Chicago.
"Our exposure was direct, plain and simple. And we tracked that stuff back in the houses."
The EPA allows lead levels in soil to reach 400 parts per million. At the U.S.S. Lead Superfund site, levels have been recorded as high as 45,000 parts per million in the top 6 inches of soil.
Superfund is a program run by the EPA, and is designed to help fund and clean areas contaminated by pollution or hazardous waste.
This Superfund site has been divided into three zones. Zones 1 and 3 are being cleaned up under an agreement with the Atlantic Richfield Company and DuPont, companies the EPA and a court determined contaminated the soil. But, zone 2, just a few blocks in between zones 1 and 3 and where Florence lives, isn't getting cleaned up and residents aren't receiving vouchers to move. The EPA says it can't determine who the potentially responsible parties (PRPs) are for zone 2, although its continuing to investigate. The EPA has not decided whether it will begin paying for the remediation of zone 2 or wait to clean the area until the PRPs can be identified.
The misinformation of who's in danger and what to do
While it's hard to know who knew what when about the soil's contamination, residents of Calumet and East Chicago are frustrated with the lack of information they are receiving about what is going on.
Florence remembers back in 2008 going into his backyard, where he kept plants and flowers, and seeing notifications from the EPA.
"In our backyard they came by and stuck many flags in the ground that said do not grow any vegetation," Florence says. "No one ever explained to us why."
And this question of ‘why?' is being echoed all around East Chicago, including from Sen. Lonnie Randolph, D- East Chicago.
"I'm pissed off," Randolph says. "I'm too mad to be scared. I imagine that's how a lot of people, especially [how] the people of West Calumet feel."
Randolph hears all of the misinformation swirling between residents and government agencies about what is actually happening. While he doesn't have all the answers, he looks at himself as a sort of bridge between people living in the area and people at the state and federal level addressing the contamination.
"Somebody dropped the ball somewhere," Randolph says. "But you want to find out who it is because they should be held accountable for it."
Part of the confusion around the problem has to do with a specific area of homes, the West Calumet housing complex. The soil under this apartment complex is considered the most contaminated, and while the EPA didn't recommend doing so, the city of East Chicago ordered the complex be demolished. The demolition of the complex displaces 340 households, including more than 600 children.
Residents don't know if they have 90 days or longer to get out of their house. Many don't know when they'll receive a voucher from Housing and Urban Development to cover moving expenses. And those that know how much they are receiving say it's not enough to cover moving expenses and a security deposit at a new place.
Randolph says a huge problem with demolishing the complex is that there isn't an abundance of available housing in East Chicago to meet the demands of all these families moving at once.
"I'm angry. Any average, normal person would be angry over a situation like that," Randolph says.
And while the logistics of the situation are frustrating to Randolph, he says more than anything he's hearing that residents are angry and scared about the danger they've been living on for possibly generations.
"You have a lot of families that are there who are saying ‘hey I have three kids and I remember when Bobby had a cold and so and so had a flu and Jimmy was vomiting all the time and Johnny was hyperactive in school'," Randolph says. "Hey I never knew what it was, the doctors never knew what it was maybe it was this lead."
The future for Calumet residents
So what is happening now for those who live in Calumet and East Chicago?
Those in zones 1 and 3 are getting assistance to move.
Gov. Mike Pence allocated $100,000 from the Indiana State Department of Health to hire a public health nurse and public health educator to help the East Chicago Department of Health with blood testing for residents to find out if they have lead in their system.
Pence also allocated $100,000 from the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority to assist with relocation costs for residents of the West Calumet Housing Complex.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development has freed up $1.9 million in housing vouchers that the East Chicago Housing Authority will issue to residents so they can move out of the West Calumet Housing Complex. The ECHA also has an additional $1.1 million in federal money for residents to assist with relocation costs, like moving trucks and utility hook-up fees.
HUD's Midwest Deputy Regional Administrator James Cunningham says typically "the housing authority and HUD does not pay for relocation assistance, but due to the unique circumstances and the urgency to get folks into safe housing" they've made that money available.
"I think by [Pence] coming here it would show the people that he does care."
Randolph says there needs to be clear communication going forward so the residents of East Chicago can feel safe and know how to proceed. He'd like to see more officials, including Pence, visit to see what is going on.
"I think by him coming here it would show the people that he does care," Randolph says. "And it would give them some hope, that someone in a key position of being governor of Indiana cares about what happens to them."
For residents like Florence, he has so many questions that aren't being answered. The state has allocated money to get more people tested for lead, but he wants to know what is the long term health plan for people diagnosed with lead poisoning? What will happen to residents like him living in zone 2 and getting no assistance?
The Centers for Disease Control says it costs $5,600 per child to treat the effects of lead poisoning including medical bills and special education.
"Lay the cards on the table now. You can't pull a magic trick now. Tell us what are we facing, what have we been facing. Not so much the problem now but let's come up with a solution to this."
